黑洞社区

The Beoshock wiki page provides a more comprehensive guide to using the HPC system.

All HPC users are automatically set up to use VPN Global Protect. If you are off campus, you must set up and use Virtual Private Network, VPN. Here is a link to it:

Click on the ITS Helpdesk, link, then go to ITS Resources. You will be prompted to sign in with your 黑洞社区 ID and password. This will take you to the self-service area. Under the Special Instructions banner, select "VPN Setup Instructions: Global Protect".

All 黑洞社区 constituents and outside of 黑洞社区 who are KBOR constituents are eligible for the BeoShock account. To request an HPC user account, go to , press 鈥楴ew HPC Access鈥� button and fill in/select appropriate items. The approval for the account will be granted in few business days. 

Once the access is granted, you can use your my黑洞社区 credentials to log on to the cluster using ssh from a terminal. You will automatically be enrolled in the listserv HPC-USERS-L@listserv.wichita.edu for current, ongoing HPC user information. Do not unsubscribe from this listserv because it will result in your HPC account being closed. From time to time there is maintenance on the HPC system and this will be the primary mechanism to communicate to all HPC users.

An SSH (Secure Shell) client is required to connect to BeoShock. SSH is usually available on Linux and macOS machines, and you need to open a terminal and use your 黑洞社区 credential to login

ssh wsu_id@hpc-login.wichita.edu

The 黑洞社区 ID should be in lower case.

To access the HPC on a Linux machine from an off-campus location, install Palo Alto GlobalProtect VPN.

To access the HPC on a macOS machine from an off-campus location,

There are many SSH clients for Windows, such as and .  Download and install the SSH client for Windows machines. Open the SSH client and start a terminal to log in using the 黑洞社区 credential. Here is the more detailed video tutorial for installing and using SSH client:

To access the HPC from an off-campus location,

You can attend the Open Lab to obtain assistance. The labs are weekly on Wednesdays from 1:30 pm - 2:30 pm via .

Open a web browser such as Firefox (if off-campus, use the VPN first) and go to:  

Then you will be prompted for your username and password, use the same credentials (username should be all lower cases) you use to access the login node for the BeoShock.

To have the best experience using the Open OnDemand, please use the latest versions of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox or Microsoft Edge. Use any modern browser that supports ECMAScript 2016. The Open Ondemand does not support IE. Safari is partially supported and may cause problems when using the Open OnDemand. 

Some interactive apps are supported from the Open OnDemand portal: BeoShock Desktop, Octave, Jupyter, Mathematica, RStudio, and ParaView. These applications can be accessed by selecting "Interactive Apps" from the home page. You can choose the number of hours, number of cores, and amount of memory when launching these applications. If you finish early, return to the 鈥淢y Interactive Sessions鈥� tab and delete the job.

SCP (secure copy) is a command-line utility uses ssh for securly data transfer between two locations. It requires an password to authenticate on the BeoShock. For example, copy a file from a local system to BeoShock:

scp myfile wsu_id@hpc-login.wichita.edu:/your/directory

To copy a local directory to BeoShock:

scp -r my_directory wsu_id@hpc-login.wichita.edu:/your/directory

SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a secure file protocol to transfer and manage files betweem two locations. Similar to the SCP, SFTP performs all operations over an encrypted ssh session. For example, put file from local system to BeoShock:

sftp wsu_id@hpc-login.wichita.edu

put myfile

put -r my_directory 

On the Open OnDemand home page, select left most "Files", it will bring up a file manager interface. By default, it will show files in your home directory. You can do file operations by selecting the file in the main window panel and selecting the desired operation from the main menu as marked. If you want to edit the file, select the file you wish to edit, and select "Edit" from the main menu. This will open up a text editor in a new tab. You can also click the "Upload" button to open a dialog that will allow you to navigate your local computer and select which files you want to upload. To download files, you must select the file you wish to download, and then click the "Download" button.

To use the Globus web application, you can go to and click on "Log In" in the upper right corner of the page. Type or find the "Wichita State University" in the Organization box and click continue. You will need the 黑洞社区 credentials to log in.

After logging in with your 黑洞社区 credentials, you should reach the data transfer page. Turn on the two-panel mode by clicking the switch on the top right. On this page you will get two file browser windows, each window represents the two systems you wish to transfer files. In the "Collection Search" on the left, type "BeoShock Filesystem," then it will show files in your home directory on BeoShock. If you want to transfer files through other endpoints (i.e., other HPC or research institutions), search the endpoint at right. Then you can navigate to the path in your file tree and select the file you wish to transfer. Next, press "Start" to initiate the transfer of files.

Many commonly used software has been built on the BeoShock and can be used as environment modules. To get a list of the installed modules:

module avail

The output of "module avail" can be quite long, so you can narrow the list down by specifying a string, e.g.

module avail python

To see information about a module, you can use:

module show module_name

You can list which modules have been loaded:

module list

You can then load a module:

module load module_name

 If you want to unload a module:

module unload module_name

or to unload all loaded modules:

module purge

Slurm is an open source cluster management and job scheduling system that allow users to run their jobs on Boeshock. The user can specify the allocated resources for scheduling the job through the script. You create and edit a script using a text editor of your choice, such as nano, vim, emacs, or any other text editor available in the HPC system.  Here is a simple job submission script: 

#!/bin/bash

#Submit this script with: sbatch my_slurm.sh

#SBATCH --job-name=test
#SBATCH --time=1:00:00   # time
#SBATCH --ntasks=1   # number of processor cores (i.e. tasks)
#SBATCH --nodes=1   # number of nodes
#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=1G   # memory per CPU core

# Load module 
  module load #your_software

# Navigate to the directory where the executable/script is located
  cd /path/to/directory_containing_run_executable 

# Execute the script

To submit the job to the cluster, use:

sbatch my_slurm.sh

For more information, please refer to

In a job script, lines begin with #SBATCH in all caps is treated as a Slurm command. When you want to comment out a Slurm command, you need to append a second another pound sign # to the #SBATCH, i.e., ##SBATCH. Here is a list of SBATCH options.

#SBATCH --job-name=<name>:  gives the name to the job.

#SBATCH --output=<name>: the output file. 

#SBATCH --partition=<name>: the specific partition of the resource allocation.

#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=<number>: number of tasks per node. 

#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=<number>: number of CPUs per task.

#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=<memory>: set the minimum memory required per CPU.

#SBATCH --time Days-Hours:Minutes:Seconds: set the time limit for the job.

#SBATCH --mail-user=<email>: email address for the notifications of job status.

#SBATCH --mail-type=<type>: BEGIN for when job starts, END for when the job ends, FAIL for when the job fails, ALL for all circumstances.

#SBATCH --gres=gpu: <ngpus>: specify number of GPUs needed for your job.

The Slurm job controller will pass the information (i.e., working directory, number of CPUs, etc.) contained in the batch script to a scheduled job via environment variables. The following is a list of commonly used informational environment variables.

$SLURM_JOB_ID: the job ID.

$SLURM_SUBMIT_DIR: the directory you were in when submit jobs.

$SLURM_CPUS_ON_NODE: how many CPUs were allocated on this node.

$SLURM_JOB_NAME: the job name.

$SLURM_JOB_NODELIST: the list of nodes assigned to job.

$SLURM__CPUS_PER_TASK: number of CPUs per task.

$SLURM_MEM_PER_CPU: memory per CPU.

$SLURM_MEM_PER_GPU: memory per GPU.

$SLURM_NTASKS: the number of tasks.

A full list of environment variables for Slurm can be found at

To request GPU resources, add the line with "--gres=gpu:count" to the job script. Here is an example:

#!/bin/bash

#Submit this script with: sbatch thefilename
#SBATCH --job-name=test

#SBATCH --time=1:00:00 # time

#SBATCH --ntasks=1 # number of processor cores (i.e. tasks)

#SBATCH --nodes=1 # number of nodes

#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=1G # memory per CPU core

#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # request 1 gpu 

# LOAD MODULES, INSERT CODE, AND RUN YOUR PROGRAMS HERE
python example.py  #run python script

You can run an interactive job using the "srun" command. The following command requires a single core and default amount of memory for one hour:

srun --nodes=1 --ntasks-per-node=1 --time=01:00:00 --pty bash -i

When you are done with interactive jobs, use "exit" to get back to headnode mode.

You can check the status of all your running jobs:

squeue -u wsuid  

You can delete your job by specifying the job id:

scancel JOBID

BeoShock has Python 2 and Python 3 modules available. To check the available Python module:

module avail Python  

To load the Python module:

module load Python/version_you_want  

Below is the sample Slurm script (python.slurm),

#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --job-name=py-job        # create a short name for your job
#SBATCH --nodes=1                # node count
#SBATCH --ntasks=1               # total number of tasks across all nodes
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1        # cpu-cores per task (>1 if multi-threaded tasks)
#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=4G         # memory per cpu-core (4G per cpu-core is default)
#SBATCH --time=00:01:00          # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)


module purge
module load Python/3.9.6-GCCcore-11.2.0

python myscript.py

Then your python job can be submitted to the cluster:

sbatch python.slurm

For more information about Python documentation, check .

To install the python packages, you will need to create the virtual enviroment, try the following procedure to install your package(s).

First, load a Python module:

module load python/version_you_want  

Next, create the location of virtual Python environment in your home directory and then create a virtual environment:

mkdir /path/to/virtualenvs  
cd /path/to/virtualenvs 
virtualenv test 

We have created a virtual environment called "test". Then, activate the virtual environment:

source /path/to/virtualenvs/test/bin/activate

Now you can install the python packages, for example, install "mpi4py" by 

pip install mpi4py 

In this section, let's create a Python3 script named hello_world.py.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

#Hello world example
from mpi4py import MPI
comm = MPI.COMM_WORLD   #get the information about all the processors run script
name = MPI.Get_processor_name()  #get the processor's name
rank = comm.Get_rank()  #gives identifier of the processor which currently executing the code
size = comm.Get_size()  #gives the total number of ranks
print("Hello world from node", str(name), "rank", rank, "of", size)

Load the module of Python3 and the virtual environment in which you install the "mpi4py", and then you can run the script with:

mpiexec -n 5 python hello_world.py  # run 5 processes

The output will be similar to the following:

Hello world from node headnode01.beoshock.wichita.edu rank 0 of 5
Hello world from node headnode01.beoshock.wichita.edu rank 3 of 5
Hello world from node headnode01.beoshock.wichita.edu rank 4 of 5
Hello world from node headnode01.beoshock.wichita.edu rank 1 of 5
Hello world from node headnode01.beoshock.wichita.edu rank 2 of 5

If you try this example, the output may not be in the same order as shown above. This is because 5 separate processes are running on different processors, and we cannot know which one will execute its print statement first.

Here is a simple job script using MPI with Python:

#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --ntasks=8
#SBATCH -t 00:00:30
#SBATCH --nodes=4
module load Python/version_you_want
module load OpenMPI/some_verison
source /path/to/virtualenvs/test/bin/activate
export PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1
mpirun python /path/to/hello_world.py

A toolchain is a set of compilers, libraries, and applications that are needed to build software. Some software functions better when using specific toolchains. We provide a good number of toolchains and versions of toolchains to make sure your applications will compile and/or run correctly. These toolchains include (you can run 'module keyword toolchain'):

foss: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) based compiler toolchain, including OpenMPI for MPI support, OpenBLAS (BLAS and LAPACK support), FFTW and ScaLAPACK.

fosscuda: GCC based compiler toolchain __with CUDA support__, and including OpenMPI for MPI support, OpenBLAS (BLAS and LAPACK support), FFTW and ScaLAPACK.

gompi: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) based compiler toolchain, including OpenMPI for MPI support.

gompic: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) based compiler toolchain along with CUDA toolkit, including OpenMPI for MPI support with CUDA features enabled.

intel: Intel Compiler Suite, providing Intel C/C++ and Fortran compilers, Intel MKL & Intel MPI. Recently made free by Intel, we have less experience with Intel MPI than OpenMPI.

iomkl: Intel Compiler Suite, providing Intel C/C++ and Fortran compilers, Intel MKL & OpenMPI. Recently made free by Intel, we have more experience with OpenMPI than Intel MPI.

gcccuda: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) based compiler toolchain, along with CUDA toolkit.

Tk: Tk is an open source, cross-platform widget toolchain that provides a library of basic elements for building a graphical user interface (GUI) in many different programming languages.

You can run 'module spider toolchain/' to see the versions we have:

module spider fosscuda 

If you load one of the fosscuda (module load fosscuda/2020b),  you can see the other modules and versions of software been loaded with "module list":

Currently Loaded Modules:
  1) GCCcore/10.2.0                               9) XZ/5.2.5-GCCcore-10.2.0                                     17) libfabric/1.11.0-GCCcore-10.2.0
  2) zlib/1.2.11-GCCcore-10.2.0           10) libxml2/2.9.10-GCCcore-10.2.0                         18) PMIx/3.1.5-GCCcore-10.2.0   

  3) binutils/2.35-GCCcore-10.2.0        11) libpciaccess/0.16-GCCcore-10.2.0                   19) OpenMPI/4.0.5-gcccuda-2020b
  4) GCC/10.2.0                                       12) hwloc/2.2.0-GCCcore-10.2.0                              20) OpenBLAS/0.3.12-GCC-10.2.0
  5) CUDAcore/11.1.1                             13) libevent/2.1.12-GCCcore-10.2.0                        21) gompic/2020b
  6) CUDA/11.1.1-GCC-10.2.0                14) Check/0.15.2-GCCcore-10.2.0                           22) FFTW/3.3.8-gompic-2020b
  7) gcccuda/2020b                             15) GDRCopy/2.1-GCCcore-10.2.0-CUDA-11.1.1   23) ScaLAPACK/2.1.0-gompic-2020b
  8) numactl/2.0.13-GCCcore-10.2.0    16) UCX/1.9.0-GCCcore-10.2.0-CUDA-11.1.1         24) fosscuda/2020b

As you can see, toolchains can depend on each other. For instance, the fosscuda toolchain depends on GCC, which depends on GCCcore. Hence it is very important that the correct versions of all related software are loaded. With the software we provide, the toolchain used to compile is always specified in the "version" of the software that you want to load. If you mix toolchains, inconsistent things may happen.

 

We provide lots of versions for OpenMPI, you are most likely better off directly loading a toolchain or application to make sure you get the right version, but you can see the versions we have with 'module avail OpenMPI'. The first step to run an MPI application is to load one of the OpenMPI modules. You normally will just need to load the default version as below. If your code needs access to NVIDIA GPUs you'll need the cuda version above (fosscuda). Otherwise some codes are picky about what versions of the underlying compilers that are needed.

module load foss/2021b

If you are working with your own MPI code you will need to start by compiling it. MPI offers mpicc for compiling codes written in C, mpic++ for compiling C++ code, and mpifort for compiling Fortran code. You can get a complete listing of parameters to use by running them with the "--help" parameter. Below are some examples of compiling with each.

mpicc --help

mpicc -o my_code.x my_code.c

mpic++ -o my_code.x my_code.cc

mpifort -o my_code.x my_code.f

In each case above, you can name the executable file whatever you want (my_code.x). It is common to use different optimization levels, for example, but those may depend on the version of OpenMPI you choose. Some are based on the Intel compilers so you'd need to use optimizations for the underlying icc or ifort compilers they call, and some are GNU based so you'd use compiler optimizations for gcc or gfortran.

We have many MPI codes in our modules that you simply need to load before using. Below is an example of loading and running Gromacs which is an MPI based code to simulate large numbers of atoms classically.

module load GROMACS

This loads the Gromacs modules and sets all the paths so you can run the scalar version gmx or the MPI version gmx_mpi. Below is a sample job script for running a complete Gromacs simulation.

 #!/bin/bash -l
 #SBATCH --mem=120G
 #SBATCH --time=24:00:00
 #SBATCH --job-name=gromacs
 #SBATCH --nodes=1
 #SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=4
 
 module purge
 module load GROMACS
 
 echo "Running Gromacs on $HOSTNAME"
 
 export OMP_NUM_THREADS=1
 time mpirun -x OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 gmx_mpi mdrun -nsteps 500000 -ntomp 1 -v -deffnm 1ns -c 1ns.pdb -nice 0
 
 echo "Finished run on $SLURM_NTASKS $HOSTNAME cores"

mpirun will run your job on all cores requested, which in this case is 4 cores on a single node. You will often just need to guess at the memory size for your code, then check on the memory usage with "kstat --me" and adjust the memory in future jobs. It is a good practice to put a "module purge" in scripts and then manually load the modules needed to ensure each run is using the modules it needs. If you don't do this when you submit a job script, it will simply use the modules you currently have loaded, which is fine too.

The "time" command can track the amount of time used in each section of the job script. This can prove very useful if your job script copies large data files around at the start, for example, allowing you to see how much time was used for each stage of the job if it runs longer than expected.

The OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable is set to 1 and passed to the MPI system to ensure that each MPI task only uses 1 thread. There are some MPI codes that are also multi-threaded, so this ensures that this particular code uses the cores allocated to it in the manner we want.

Once you have your job script ready, submit it using the "sbatch" command as below where the job script is in the file sb.gromacs.

sbatch sb.gromacs

You should then monitor your job as it goes through the queue and starts running using "kstat --me". You code will also generate an output file, usually of the form slurm-##.out where the ## signs are the job ID number. If you need to cancel your job use "scancel" with the job ID number.

TensorFlow provided by pip is often completely broken on any system that is not running a recent version of Ubuntu, and BeoShock does not use Ubuntu. Therefore, BeoShock provides TensorFlow modules. To see versions of TensorFlow on BeoShock, use:

module avail TensorFlow

To load the TensorFlow module, use:

module load TensorFlow/version

In the example below, we build the sequential model with Adam optimization algorithm and trains it using a prebuilt dataset. Before running the code, you will need to load the Python virtual environment. After load the virtual environment, use "pip install numpy" and "pip install scikit-learn" to install python packages. Since the code use matplotlib to make plots, use "module load matplotlib/3.1.1-fosscuda-2019b-Python-3.7.4" to load the matplotlib. Here is the Python code: 

import tensorflow as tf

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# load the dataset from the library

mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist

(x_train,y_train),(x_test,y_test) = mnist.load_data()

# normalize pixel intensity into 0-1 range values

x_train, x_test = x_train/255.0, x_test/255.0

print("shape of x_train: ", x_train.shape)

print("shape of x_test: ", x_test.shape)

model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([

# Flatten the 2d matrix into 1d feature vector

tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28,28)),

tf.keras.layers.Dense(128,activation='relu'),

tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2),

 

# classify the image into 10 classes

tf.keras.layers.Dense(10,activation='softmax')

])

model.summary()

# Compile and Train the model

model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',

metrics=['accuracy'])

 

r = model.fit(x_train,y_train,validation_data=(x_test,y_test),epochs=10)

plt.plot(r.history['loss'],label='loss')

plt.plot(r.history['val_loss'],label='val_loss')

plt.legend()

plt.savefig("Demo_HPC_Cluster_loss_curve.png")

plt.plot(r.history['accuracy'],label='accuracy')

plt.plot(r.history['val_accuracy'],label='val_accuracy')

plt.legend()

plt.savefig("Demo_HPC_Cluster_accuracy_curve.png")

print(model.evaluate(x_test,y_test))

# Confusion Matrix

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

import itertools

def plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes,

normalize = False,

title="Confusion Matrix",

cmap = plt.cm.Blues):

 

"""

This function prints and plots the confusion matrix.

Normalize can be applied by setting 'normalize = True'

"""

 

if normalize:

   cm = cm.astype('float') / cm.sum(axis=1)[:,np.newaxis]

   print("Normalized Confusion Matrix")

 

else:

   print("Confusion matrix without normalization")

 

print(cm)

plt.imshow(cm, interpolation='nearest', cmap=cmap)

plt.title(title)

plt.colorbar()

tick_marks = np.arange(len(classes))

plt.xticks(tick_marks, classes, rotation=45)

plt.yticks(tick_marks, classes)

fmt = '.2f' if normalize else 'd'

thresh = cm.max() / 2.

for i, j in itertools.product(range(cm.shape[0]), range(cm.shape[1])):

   plt.text(j, i, format(cm[i, j], fmt),

      horizontalalignment = 'center',

      color = "white" if cm[i, j] > thresh else "black")

 

plt.tight_layout()

plt.ylabel('True label')

plt.xlabel('Predicted label')

plt.show()

p_test = model.predict(x_test).argmax(axis=1)

cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, p_test)

plot_confusion_matrix(cm, list(range(10)))

If you need to run larger jobs on TensorFlow, you must submit them through Slurm. To submit the TensorFlow job to the cluster, you need to use a submit script and write the output to the file instead of printing on the screen.  Here is an example submit script:

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH --job-name=tf2-example # create a short name for your job

#SBATCH --nodes=1 # node count

#SBATCH --ntasks=1 # total number of tasks across all nodes

#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1 # cpu-cores per task (>1 if multi-threaded tasks)

#SBATCH --mem=8G # total memory per node (8G per cpu-core is default)

#SBATCH --time=00:05:00 # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)

#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1 # number of gpus per node

module purge
module load TensorFlow/2.3.1-fosscuda-2019b-Python-3.7.4

source ~/virtualenv/serena_sleeping/bin/activate

python tf2-example.py 

To submit the job,

sbatch job.slurm

After the job is finished, it will write the output to slurm.out.  

You can monitor the status of the job with:

squeue -u $USER

More TensorFlow tutorial videos can be viewed at: 

Singularity is a container platform that lets users create and run their applications in Linux environments. You can build a container using Singularity on your laptop and then run it on the BeoShock without worrying about installing the software you need on different operating systems.

Check Singularity version:

$ which singularity

/bin/singularity

$ singularity --version

singularity version 3.8.5-2.el7

You can print the detailed usage information from the help command: 

$ singularity --help

Singularity images are the files you use to run your container. The Singularity images are read-only by default and do not require root-level access, making them suitable for HPC applications. In the , some softwares are provided as a Singularity image with the .sif file extension. For example:

$ singularity pull alpine.sif library://alpine:latest

More commonly, a Docker image which is provided in the can be converted to a Singularity image. For instance:

$ singularity pull tensorflow.sif docker://tensorflow/tensorflow:latest

This will produce the TensorFlow Singularity image "tensorflow.sif" in the current working directory.

For security reasons, users are not allowed to build images directly on the BeoShock system. Images need to be built externally on a Linux system which has installed Singularity and then transferred to the HPC system. The Singularity installation guide can be found at: . A Singularity definition file can be used to instruct the build process. The page shows detailed information about creating a container from scratch. 

When working with a Singularity container, you can run a container interactively or as a part of a batch job. Let's use the Ubuntu image as an example. First, pull the image from Docker Hub:

$ singularity pull ubuntu.sif docker://ubuntu:latest

Run a shell within the container and show the release number of Ubuntu:

$ singularity shell [shell options...] <container>

$ singularity shell ubuntu.sif

Singularity> cat /etc/os-release

NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="20.04.3 LTS (Focal Fossa)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS"
VERSION_ID="20.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=focal
UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal

Singularity> exit

The last line exit the shell to return to the host environment. Run the user-defined default command within a container:

$ singularity run [run options...] <container>

$ singularity run ubuntu.sif cat /etc/os-release

Run a specific command within a container:

$ singularity exec [exec options...] <container> <command>

$ singularity exec ubuntu.sif cat /etc/os-release

You can also run the container non-interactively as Slurm jobs. Create the following Slurm job submission script and submit it with sbatch.

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH --job-name=test # create a short name for your job

#SBATCH --ntasks=1 # total number of tasks across all nodes

#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1 # cpu-cores per task (>1 if multi-threaded tasks)

#SBATCH --mem=2G # total memory per node (4G per cpu-core is default)

#SBATCH --time=1:00:00 # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)

module purge

singularity exec /path/to/ubuntu.sif cat /etc/os-release

After the job is finished, it will print the version number of the Ubuntu image to the slurm.out file.

Fortran is a high-performance programming language designed for computationally intensive applications in science and engineering. In 1954, a project at IBM by John Backus was begun to develop an "automatic programming" system that converts mathematical notation to machine instructions. This project produced the first FORmula TRANslation system. The latest revision is  and the next revision is planned for release in 2023. Fortran is a compiled language, which means the source code needs to pass through a compiler to produce a machine executable that can be run.

We will write a simple Fortran program that prints the user name and calculate the area of the circle for a given radius. Since Fortran is a compiled language, we need to load the Fortran compiler before running the program. We will use the GNU Fortran compiler (gfortran) in this part of the guide. To use the gfortran, please load the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) through "module load GCC/versions". For example,

module load GCC/11.2.0

Once you set up the compiler, open a new file with your favorite text editor and copy the following program:

program circle
  implicit none
! declare the variables

  character (len=255) :: user
  real :: pi
  real :: radius
  real :: area

! set up the variables
  pi = 3.1415927
  radius = 5
  area = pi *radius**2
 
  call getenv("USER", user)  
  
  print *, 'Hello! ', user
  print *, 'The radius is:', radius
  print *, 'The area of the circle is:', area

end program circle

Save the program to area.f90, which f90 is the standard file extension for the modern Fortran standard in 1990. Then compiled the source file with:

gfortran area.f90 -o area

There should be a binary file "area" as the output in your directory. To run the program, type "./area". The program will print the user name and compute the area for the circle.

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Fortran website:

The C language was designed as a systems programming language by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone laboratories in 1972. In 1979, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language. C++ is a high portability language that allows users to run applications on the multiplatform. Another advantage of C++ is the feature of object-oriented programming, which includes concepts like classes, inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction, and encapsulation, making codes maintainable and reusable. The current version is C++20, and the next version is underway. 

In this section, we will write the program that estimates the value of pi.  First, create the source code file "pi.cpp" with the text editor and copy the following code: 

/* C++ program for estimation of Pi using Monte

Carlo Simulation */

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#include <random>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int i;

const int ITER=1000000; // number of iterations

double rand_x, rand_y, dist, pi;

int circle_points = 0, square_points = 0;

std::random_device rd; // Will be used to obtain a seed for the random number engine

std::mt19937 gen1(rd()); // Standard mersenne_twister_engine seeded with rd()

std::mt19937 gen2(rd());

std::uniform_real_distribution<> dis(0.0, 1.0); //uniform distribution

for (i = 0; i < ITER; i++) {

// Randomly generated x and y values

rand_x = dis(gen1);

rand_y = dis(gen2);

// Distance between (x, y) from the origin

dist = rand_x * rand_x + rand_y * rand_y;

// Checking if (x, y) lies inside the circle with R=1

if (dist <= 1)

circle_points++;

// Total number of points generated

square_points++;

// estimated pi after this iteration

pi = double(4 * circle_points) / square_points;

// Display x, y , points, pi

cout << rand_x << " " << rand_y << " "

<< circle_points << " " << square_points

<< " - " << pi << endl

<< endl;

}

// Final Estimated Value

cout << "\nFinal Estimation of Pi = " << pi;

return 0;

}

Then you need to compile the C code with a compiler. This will produce the binary file "pi" that can be executed.

module load GCC/10.3.0

g++ pi.cpp -o pi

./pi

The output of this program will be the estimation of the pi. 

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As with other applications on the HPC systems, MATLAB is managed using environment modules. To see which versions of MATLAB are available, type:

module avail MATLAB

To select a module, type:

module load MATLAB/version

To use the default version, type:

module load MATLAB 

In this command line, users are able to run MATLAB commands, load and edit scripts, but cannot display plots. However, you can generate plots, export them to file, and transfer them to your machine for visualization. 

For a simple MATLAB script, let鈥檚 print 鈥淗ello world鈥� using one line MATLAB code:

%%This is the hello_world .m

fprintf ( ' Hello world . \n ' )

To submit the job to BeoShock, you need the following job script: 

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝output=matlab.o%j

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝job鈭抧ame=matlab # create a short name for your job

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝nodes=1 # node count

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝ntasks=1 # total number of tasks across all nodes

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝cpus鈭抪er鈭抰ask=1 # cpu 鈭� cores per task (>1 if multi 鈭� threaded tasks)

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝mem鈭抪er鈭抍pu=4G # memory per cpu 鈭� core

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝time=00:01:00 # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)

module purge

module load MATLAB

matlab 鈭抯ingleCompThread 鈭抧odisplay 鈭抧osplash 鈭抮 hello_world

By invoking MATLAB with -singleCompThread -nodisplay -nosplash, the GUI is suppressed to create multiple threads. To run the MATLAB code on BeoShock cluster, simply use:

chmod +x job_script.sh 

sbatch job_script.sh 

The first line sets the job script executable for all users and the second line submits the job script to HPC. 

There are a limited number of MATLAB licenses available for use at the university. As such, we would recommend compiling your MATLAB code if you are doing more than one run. Once you compile the MATLAB code into an executable, you can submit as many jobs as you want to the scheduler. To use the MATLAB compiler, you need to load the MATLAB module to compile code and load the MCR module to run the resulting MATLAB executable. Use the following command:

module load MATLAB

module load MCR

mcc 鈭抦 matlab_code .m 鈭抩 matlab_executable_name

Then use the example job script:

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝output=matlab.o%j

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝job鈭抧ame=matlab # create a short name for your job

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝nodes=1 # node count

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝ntasks=1 # total number of tasks across all nodes

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝cpus鈭抪er鈭抰ask=1 # cpu 鈭� cores per task (>1 if multi 鈭� threaded tasks) 

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝mem鈭抪er鈭抍pu=4G # memory per cpu 鈭� core

#SBATCH 鈭掆垝time=00:01:00 # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)

module purge

module load MCR

./matlab_executable_name

For more info on the mcc compiler, see: . 

One can also launch MATLAB with its GUI through Open Ondemand for BeoShock. After login through ondemand.hpc.wichita.edu , you can start an interactive session of MATLAB GUI. To begin a session, click on 鈥淚nteractive Apps鈥� and then 鈥淢ATLAB鈥�. The default version is MATLAB/R2019b. You will need to choose the 鈥淣umber of hours鈥�, 鈥淣umber of cores鈥� and 鈥淎mount of memory鈥�. Click 鈥淟aunch鈥� and then when your session is ready, click 鈥淟aunch MATLAB鈥�. Note that the more resources you request, the more time you will have to wait for your session to become available. 

Here is an example MATLAB code displays the information of GPU:

%% This is the gpu_matlab .m
gpu = gpuDevice ( );
fprintf ( ' Using a %s GPU.\n ' , gpu.Name);
disp ( gpuDevice ) ;

To submit the GPU job, use the following script:

#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝output=matlab.o%j
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝job鈭抧ame=matlab # create a short name for your job
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝nodes=1 # node count
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝ntasks=1 # total number of tasks across all nodes
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝cpus鈭抪er鈭抰ask=1 # cpu 鈭� cores per task (>1 if multi 鈭� threaded tasks)
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝mem鈭抪er鈭抍pu=4G # memory per cpu 鈭� core
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝time=00:01:00 # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)
#SBATCH 鈭掆垝gres=gpu:1 # number of gpus per node
module purge
module load MATLAB
matlab 鈭� singleCompThread 鈭� nodisplay 鈭� nosplash 鈭� r gpu_matlab

There are two courses in LinkedIn Learning. You need to log in with your 黑洞社区 ID and password to watch these training videos.

After login through Open Ondemand you can access Mathematica through the "Interactive Apps".  You can select the "Number of cores", "Number of hours", and "Amount of memory".

Another way to run Mathematica is through BeoShock Desktop. After launching the BeoShock Desktop, open the terminal and type the following command. Then you can open a Mathematica notebook or create a new notebook. 

module load Mathematica

mathematica

Users can access Mathematica without GUI. After login into BeoShock, open the terminal and type

module load Mathematica

math

In this interactive mode, you will not see the plots. However, you can export it to a pdf file. The following example plots sin(x) from 0 to 2pi and then export as a pdf file named "TestPDF01.pdf".

In[1]:= Plot[Sin[x], {x, 0, 2Pi}];                                                                                            

In[2]:= Export["TestPDF01.pdf", %]                                                                                            

Out[2]= TestPDF01.pdf

You may see different suffixes for Mathematica files, such as ".nb", ".m" and ".wl". The ".nb" file is the Mathematica notebook, and you can do the calculation in the notebook interactively through the GUI. If you write the code involving the packages or want to run on the cluster, then you may use the Wolfram Language Package format with the suffix ".wl". The ".m" is the old way (before version 10.0) of saving package files. To convert a notebook file to the ".wl" package file, the preferred way is open a new ".wl" file and copy the code from the notebook, then save it as the ".wl" file. Note: In the ".wl" file, you can use the Print to produce an output from the code. If the code does not explicitly print the results, the value of experession is not returned by default.

For example, suppose you have the code '"math-test.wl" as the following: 

(* ::Package:: *)

x=7
3x
Print[RandomInteger[{1,6},2]]

You can evaluate the code which only prints the last expression since it has the Print statement, 

wolframscript -file math-test.wl

Also, you can evaluate the code and print each output with 

wolframscript -noprompt < math-test.wl

To submit Mathematica jobs to compute nodes, the Mathematica commands to be executed must be contained in the script. As an example, we will submit the previous code "math-test.wl" to the cluster. This job script submits the "math-test.wl" to compute node:

#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --output=mathematica.o%j
#SBATCH --job-name=mathematica   # create a short name for your job
#SBATCH --nodes=1                # node count
#SBATCH --ntasks=1               # total number of tasks across all nodes
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1        # cpu-cores per task (>1 if multi-threaded tasks)
#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=4G         # memory per cpu-core
#SBATCH --time=00:05:00          # total run time limit (HH:MM:SS)

module purge
module load Mathematica

wolframscript -noprompt < math-test.wl

Wolfram Language can be used as the scripting for shell scripts. The Wolfram Language scripts should start with "#!/usr/bin/env wolframscript". For example, let's generate a random number between 0 and 1. First, create the script file:

then edit the Wolfram Language code and save the file:

You can use the text editor to open the script "random.wls" :

#!/usr/bin/env wolframscript
(* ::Package:: *)

Print[RandomReal[{0,1}]]

Set the script permission to make it executable and run the script:

chmod +x random.wls

./random.wls

The output will be the pseudorandom number between 0 and 1, for example, 0.9158465157932778.

There are two courses in LinkedIn Learning. To watch these training videos, you need to log in with your 黑洞社区 ID and password.

RStudio is available through Open Ondemand web portal. To connect to Open Ondemad, browse to . Click on "Interactive Apps" and then "RStudio" to begin a session. You can set the allocation resources through "Number of cores", "Number of hours", and "Amount of memory".

After connect to the BeoShock cluster, load the R module and start R interactively:

module load R/4.1.0-foss-2021a

R

Then you can install the package using:

install.package("PACKAGENAME")

You can check the library by:

library("PACKAGENAME")

There are some packages available in the module environment, for example, rgdal package. If you want to use the rgdal package, type the following:

module purge

module load rgdal/1.5-23-foss-2021a-R-4.1.0

When you are doing production runs that need more computation power than a head node, it is advantageous to submit jobs to HPC. Once you have the R code saved in the ".R" file (i.e., test.R), you can use the R command in the job script. Here is the minimal example for a bash script:

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=4G
#SBATCH --time=0-00:10:00

# This starts R and loads the file test.R

module purge

module load R

R --no-save -q < test.R #--no-save prevent the saving of the workspace

QGIS, is a free and open-source geographic information system (GIS) software application that allows users to view, edit, and analyze geospatial data. QGIS supports a wide range of data formats and provides tools for data visualization, spatial analysis, and map creation. It can be used for a variety of applications, including environmental monitoring, urban planning, and natural resource management. The documentation can be found at .

For the first time to use the QGIS on Beoshock Desktop, you will need to set up the virtual environment in order to not give errors on startup. 

1. Load the QGIS module by running the command: module load QGIS

2. Create a new Python virtual environment in the directory ~/virtualenvs/qgis by running the command: mkdir ~/virtualenvs/qgis and virtualenv ~/virtualenvs/qgis

3. Activate the virtual environment by running the command: source ~/virtualenvs/qgis/bin/activate

4. Install the following dependencies by running the command: pip install pyyaml owslib psycopg2 jinja2 pygments

5. Run QGIS by running the command: qgis

Then on the subsequent sessions for BeoShock Desktop,  follow these steps to run QGIS:

1. Load the QGIS module by running the command: module load QGIS

2. Activate the virtual environment by running the command: source ~/virtualenvs/qgis/bin/activate

3. Run QGIS by running the command: qgis

NVHPC is a suite of compilers and libraries developed by NVIDIA for High-performance computing applications. It includes compilers such as nvfortran for Fortran and nvc/nvc++ for C/C++, along with libraries optimized for NVIDIA GPUs. NVHPC aims to provide developers with tools to efficiently harness the power of NVIDIA GPUs for scientific computing, data analytics, and machine learning applications. 

To access the NVHPC suites of compilers and libraries, you can load the corresponding module into your environment using the module load command.

module load NVHPC/22.11-CUDA-11.7.0 

nvfortran, also known as NVIDIA Fortran Compiler, is a compiler developed by NVIDIA specifically for compiling Fortran code. NVFORTRAN provides advanced optimizations and features tailored for NVIDIA GPU architectures, allowing Fortran developers to harness the computational power of GPUs for scientific simulations, computational fluid dynamics, weather modeling, and other HPC workloads.

nvfortran Example: 

! Example program to compute the dot product of two vectors using nvfortran program dot_product_example 

    implicit none 

    integer, parameter :: n = 10000 

    real :: x(n), y(n), result 

    integer :: i 

    ! Initialize vectors 

    do i = 1, n 

        x(i) = i 

        y(i) = 2*i 

    end do 

    ! Compute dot product 

    result = dot_product(x, y) 

    ! Print result 

    print *, 'Dot product:', result 

end program dot_product_example 

To compile this program, 

nvfortran example.f90 -o example 

To run your code 

./example 

1). Introduction to BeoShock Videos

This is a recording of a Zoom session intended to give the basics of high performance computing at Wichita State and the use of Beoshock.