黑洞社区

Besides being attentive to traditional technical work, engineers must also consider public health, safety, and welfare in everything we do. Coincident with this aspect, we need to be mindful of global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. Students often lose touch of the fact that "engineering is not done for its own sake, it is practiced in context" (McMasters & Cummings, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 1, January鈥揊ebruary 2004). 

In summary, young engineers need to be curious of the competition, making connections between the knowledge they have learned and creating products of value. These expectations are an important part of the competition and a foundation for success as a professional engineer.

For the 2025 Boeing Bronze Propeller competition, each team needs to design, build, and fly a fixed-wing vehicle that performs a challenging engineering task and creates unique market value that contributes to Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Tasks.

The vehicle to be designed, built, and flown must be capable of taking off and landing on a short off-ground platform (16 ft in length, 8 ft wide, 4 ft off the ground) and carry payloads (represented by small glass easter egg [2 oz], the egg has a width of 1.5 inches and height of 2.5 inches) that add unique market value to the current UAM market. There are two mission profiles that can be chosen from:

1. Payload Dropoff (10 ft x 10 ft Dropoff Zone) and Return.
2. Landing at 鈥榗onventional runway鈥� (50 ft & Ground Takeoff), Payload Pickup and Return.

As part of the competition, each team needs to come up with its own specific mission that creates value for the current UAM market. This proposed mission must be effectively explained in a well-written abstract. External judges will review and score the abstract prior to competition day by considering at least one of the following values:

• Community health.
• Public safety.
• Public well-being or prosperity.
• Impact on a world-wide scale.
• Lifestyles, occupations, religion, wealth, and educational attainment.
• The environment benefits.
• The economy benefits.

To boost your competition score, you can address as many of these values or marketability aspects as possible. The abstract can be viewed as a 鈥渟ales pitch鈥� to secure approval/funding from your management, government agencies, or private investors. Your airplane configuration should support your mission definition.

Additional abstract judging criteria include:

1) Uniqueness 鈥� what can your design provide that differentiates you from other concepts?

2) Meaningfulness 鈥� who is your target customer that can benefit from your design?

3) Investment Return 鈥� will your design retain market share/value and benefit your investor?

The abstract score will directly impact your competition score.

• Fly within an indoor or outdoor area roughly 100 x 150 ft in size.
• Take off and land safely from the short platform (16 ft in length, 8ft in width, 4 ft off the ground)
• The airplane should have a minimum flight time of 120 seconds and finish a total of 2+1+2 = 5 circles on the flying field.
• For Mission A, the team needs to drop off the payload in a square payload drop-off zone with a 10 ft diameter.
• Airborne Dropoff: Each team is allowed to drop off their payload in multiple passes.
• Scoring payload must stay within the drop zone.
• For Mission B, the team needs to land on a 鈥榗onventional runway鈥� (50 ft) and reload the aircraft. The aircraft then needs to ground takeoff from the runway.
• Manually reload: After engine shutoff on the conventional runway, each team has 30 seconds to manually reload the aircraft. The timing starts when the team enters the runway area.
• Auto-reload (5pt bonus): After the aircraft lands on the runway, the team has 2 minutes to pick up the payload without any manual operation other than pilot's input.
• A ground infrastructure is allowed for Mission B on the conventional runway. However, the ground infrastructure cannot be remotely controlled.
• Scoring payload must be attached to the vehicle and undamaged after landing.
• Crash landing on the STOL platform (including runway overruns) will result in a penalty of 3 pts.
• A maximum of eight (8) total payload is allowed.
• Bonus Operation: Capable of flying at least two additional 鈥渇igure-eight鈥� patterns with full payload (3 pts) or empty payload (1 pts).
• Payloads are represented by glass easter eggs filled with beans to reach 2 oz/each. The size of the easter egg is approximately 50 mm x 30 mm.
• Protection of the payload is allowed. However, payload protection must be installed on-field within the time limit. Only the number of undamaged payloads will score in the competition.
• Ground infrastructure that helps takeoff and landing on the STOL platform is allowed. Each team has 120 seconds to install the Ground infrastructure, load the payload, and set up the vehicle takeoff configuration before the competition. Permanent mounting (including but not limited to screwing to the runway, gluing to the runway, etc.) is NOT allowed. Any ground infrastructure cost is included in the vehicle's total cost.

1. The aircraft must be 100% conceived, designed, and built by the team members.
2. A thin plastic wrap (or equivalent) over the payload easter-egg is required for safety concerns.
3. Teams are required to register and submit a mission description abstract by March 31^st (see Registration & Abstract section below).
4. The vehicle must be a fixed-wing airplane (no rotorcraft, lighter-than-air, etc.).
5. Only a 黑洞社区-designated test pilot will fly the airplane.
6. Each team has guaranteed three (3) attempts for the competition, and the highest score will be recorded for final score calculations. Additional attempts might be available if time permits.
7. Flights without returning to the landing platform will not receive any mission score (excluding landing accidents which will result in penalty points).
8. Aircraft can be repaired and flown again between each mission attempt, as long as all rules are satisfied.
9. Tape is only allowed for on-site repair during the competition.
10. Critical systems and components must be firmly mounted and quickly accessible.
11. Aircraft changes during the competition that deviate significantly from the initial design configuration are not permitted.
12. A maximum of six (6) control channels are allowed.
13. A maximum of two (2) ESC, Motor, and Propeller assemblies is allowed.
14. All servos must be secured and mounted (no Velcro, tape, wire, or adhesive mounting).
15. Undergraduate teams have a $600 total budget to purchase all supplies for vehicle building, ground infrastructure, and related testing equipment.
16. 黑洞社区-supplied materials should be considered first. Discounted pre-owned material is available for the first-come-first-get principle.
17. For all 黑洞社区 student teams, accurate team records and receipts are required by competing teams. A monthly audit is required for each team. Any external purchase greater than $10 must be approved by the instructor.
18. Battery packs must be off-the-shelf purchases and cannot be modified (except for connectors)
19. A short circuit fuse (XT-60) must be installed to each on-board battery.
20. An ESC with a minimum of 1.25 times the motor peak current must be paired with the motor. (i.e Peak 30A motor should paired with an ESC rated for 37.5 A)
21. The paired battery discharge rate should be at least 1.5 times the maximum motor peak current.
22. Teams can have multiple batteries ready for use during the competition day. However, all batteries must be identical (i.e., of the same manufacture, type, voltage, and milliamp-hours).
23. Teams assume all responsibilities in assuming servo, ESC, motor, etc. compatibility.
24. Teams assume all responsibilities in assuring propellers properly mount to the motor.
25. The plane鈥檚 wingspan is limited to a maximum of 40 inches.
26. All undergraduate design teams must incorporate a 黑洞社区 3x4-ft wind tunnel ATI Nano-45 6-axis balance mounting capability.
27. The use of heat shrinks, or tissue coverings is allowed.
28. The use of foam is allowed. However, the foam used cannot exceed 30% of the wing, tail, or fuselage volume.
29. The spar and stringer of the airplane鈥檚 wing / tail must be made of wood.
30. The in-house building and machining of any fiber glass or composite material is NOT allowed. Those materials should be used 鈥榓s purchased鈥� on your design.
31. 3D-printed components are allowed. However, materials are limited to PLA or tough PLA. Printing costs should be included in your total vehicle cost as well.
32. Use of any compressed air, high voltage (max 24V) or high temperature (i.e. steam) component for the ground infrastructure is NOT allowed. Any other design with safety concerns could be disqualified from the competition if the team did not communicate with Dr. Jacky Cai.
33. Planes cannot be flown unless all team members are in a designated safe area.
34. There is no default or automatic win if there are three or fewer team category entries.
35. In the spirit of the goals of the competition, all rules, requirements, constraints, and scoring aspects are subject to interpretation and change by Dr. Jacky Cai.
36. Have fun!

There are three participant categories:

• 黑洞社区 Undergraduate (1^st Place $3,500, 2nd Place $2,500, & 3^rd Place $1,500)*
• High School (1^st Place $1,000, 2nd Place $500, & 3^rd Place $250)* 
• Professional (1^st Place $500)*

* Note: Prize money is not automatically awarded when there are a small number of entries in a certain category.

Teams with an alumni, past AE 628 student, or graduate student member must participate in the professional category. High school or undergraduate teams cannot elect to compete in the professional category (unless team members scored in the top-three in a previous competition).

Don't be shy. Form a team, build a plane, and fly!

Mentors for high school and undergraduate student teams are recommended. Feel free to contact Dr. Jacky Cai (jielong.cai@wichita.edu) or Dr. Suresh Raju (suresh.keshavanarayana@wichita.edu) for help finding a mentor, borrow critical airplane components, work in the PPL lab, and secure supplies.

The following competition scoring equation applies:

Score = (1+2 * n_p) * AEF * PV 鈥� Pen + Bonus

Where:

• n_p is the number of payloads dropped or returned without damage.
• AEF is the Aircraft Efficiency Factor and is defined as:

AEF= (W_e)^-0.2631 * (nb*V * P)^-0.05

• W_e are aircraft empty payload weight in lbs. (including battery and all electronic)
• nb is the number of batteries.
• V is the manufacturer-rated voltage of the battery
• P is manufacturer-rated battery capacity in Amp. h.

• PV is the product value, determined by the external judges鈥� review of the mission abstract (values range from 0.8 to 1.2 and are determined prior to competition flight day).
• Pen is the penalties incurred by the team during the competition, which includes:
• Crash landing on the STOL platform (including runway overruns) will result in a penalty of 3 pts
• 1 pts penalty for every 10 seconds of additional time during takeoff preparation and payload loading process.
• Bonus is the bonus maneuver completed by the team, which includes:
• Capable of flying at least two additional 鈥渇igure-eight鈥� patterns with full payload (3 pts) or empty payload (1 pts).
• Auto-reload (5pt bonus): After the aircraft lands on the runway, the team has 2 minutes to pick up the payload without any manual operation.

Teams will be disqualified for their flight attempt if they significantly delay or adversely impact the competition. Specifically, a penalty will be given if:

• The plane leaves the designated flying area
• The team, in any way, significant delays the competition

The team can scratch or abort a flight attempt before entering the flying area without a penalty. Be certain your plane is 100% ready to fly before you get into the flight area.

It鈥檚 critical to respect competitor plans for multiple flights during the event. Teams that significantly waste time will be disqualified for their current flight attempt.

The sad reality is that crashes happen. However, keep in mind that many teams can quickly repair and fly their planes again. Never give up!

Teams that suffer a crash will not be disqualified unless they unduly delay the competition (e.g., take too long to recover their plane from the flying area). In some cases, teams may be required to wait to recover their crashed aircraft, for safety or other reasons.

Hard landings, with damage, are very common. In such a case, a mission score will not be recorded. Damage that requires more than 30 minutes to repair is considered significant damage and will result in a team disqualification.

A maximum of one additional scoring attempt will be awarded for a team that experiences a minor crash and has not scored any scoring flights after their last regular attempt.

Teams are required to register for the competition and, at the same time, to submit their Mission Description Abstract. The process is easy, simply complete the form and email it to Dr. Jacky Cai. The deadline for this document is March .

The Mission Description Abstract should specifically address elements discussed in the Background section. The abstract must fit within the allocated space on the form (with an unchanged 12-pt font and 1-inch margins).

Although we really want you to compete, there is no commitment associated with registering.

Competition day is scheduled for 11:00 am - 4:00 pm Saturday, May 3rd, 2025.

Teams, when they are totally ready to fly, can get into a queue. The team at the top of the queue will be invited to enter the flight area. The team should pre-check their wire connections and all control surfaces of the airplane. The team will have 2 mins to get their airplane ready on the runway. After the team members entered a safe area, and the competition will start.

Teams can make multiple flights, in an effort to improve scores. However, as the competition progresses, teams with more than three flight scores may be asked to yield their spot in the queue to teams with fewer flights.

When two hours are left in the competition (at 2:00pm), teams without a successful scoring flight will be given flight-line priority.

• What's preventing teams from simply copying and pasting (or adapting) a mission for a team last year? 
  Using or even slightly modifying previous mission ideas or abstracts is plagiarism and will result in a zero score or disqualification.
  
• Can teams make their own payload?
  No 鈥� the payload are supplied at the competition.
  
• Will the size and weight of the payload be checked?
  Yes 鈥� the payload each team wishes to carry will be weighed at the competition.
  
• Are subassemblies, like a premade wing with control surfaces installed, but not assembled to the fuselage allowed?
  Yes 鈥� subassemblies are allowed, but the cost should be included in the budget and cannot exceed the maximum budget allowed.
  

Additional Information or Questions

Contact Dr. Jacky Cai with any additional questions.

For the 2024 Boeing Bronze Propeller competition, the team need to design and build a vehicle that performs a challenging engineering task and has market value.

The vehicle to be designed, built, and flown must transport removable 鈥渢anks鈥� containing liquid. The tanks are represented by two 20 oz. plastic Gatorade bottles. Further details on the payload are presented in the rules and requirements section. 

As part of the competition, each team needs to invent a context within which their vehicle has broad and ideally, marketable value. This supposed mission must be effectively explained in a well-written abstract. External judges will review and score the abstract prior to competition day by considering the following:

鈥淒oes the product have a favorable impact on?鈥�

• Community health
• Public safety
• Public well-being or prosperity
• A world-wide scale
• Different cultures
• Lifestyles, occupations, religion, wealth, and educational attainment
• The environment
• The economy

To boost your competition score, you need to address as many of these values or marketability aspects as possible. Although, the 鈥渢anks鈥� will contain water for the flight competition, you may assume the 鈥渢anks鈥� contain any type of liquid you want to support your mission definition. Do a good job both inventing and communicating your mission. The abstract can be viewed as a 鈥渟ales pitch鈥� to secure approval/funding from your management, government agencies, or private investors. Your airplane configuration should support your mission definition. Some things to keep in mind: 1) know your competition 鈥� why is your product a better value, 2) investors expect a good return on investment 鈥� why will customers buy your product, 3) what is your target customer base. There are other considerations as well. Don鈥檛 limit yourselves. The 鈥減erceived value鈥� score that you receive from the judges on your abstract will directly impact your competition score.

The following competition scoring equation applies:

Score = (1 + 16 * W_p) * AEF * PV  - 5 * P

Where,

• W_p is payload weight in lbs (weight of total water carried)
• AEF is the Aircraft Efficiency Factor and is defined as:

AEF= (W_e)^-0.2631 * (1.1-N_m* 0.1) * (1.1 - N_s* 0.05) * (V * mAh/1000)^-0.05

• W_e is aircraft empty weight in lbs (take-off weight minus W_p)
• N_m is total number of motors
• N_s is total number of servos
• V is manufacturer-rated voltage of the battery
• mAh is manufacturer-rated milliamp-hours of the battery
• PV is the product value, determined by the external judges鈥� review of the mission abstract (values range from 0.8 to 1.2 and are determined prior to competition flight day).
• P is total number of penalties incurred by the team during the competition

Teams may conduct multiple flights to try to improve their score. The highest single-flight score will be the score of record. Note that the payload weight (W_p) is the only scoring element that can be varied on flight day to improve score.

The contest included:

• 10 teams

For the 2023 Boeing Bronze Propeller competition, you need to design and build a vehicle that performs a challenging engineering task and has market value.

The engineering part of the competition is relatively simple. The vehicle needs to be light, quick to build, and drop a payload accurately.

Additionally, you need to invent a context within which your vehicle has broad and, ideally, marketable value. Then you have to effectively explain the mission in a well-written abstract. External judges will review and score the abstract prior to competition day by considering the following:

    鈥淒oes the product have a favorable impact on?鈥�

• community health
• public safety
• public well-being or prosperity
• a world-wide scale
• different cultures
• lifestyles, occupations, religion, wealth, and educational attainment
• the environment
• the economy

To boost your competition score you need to address as many of these value or marketability aspects as possible. Do a good job both inventing and communicating your mission.

The contest included:

• 12 teams, 11 undergraduate and 1 professional
• 81 flights or attempted flights
• An average MAT of 72
• An average PV of 5.3
• An average Wo of 0.91 pounds
• 5 planes with Wo less than 1.0 pound
• 18 target HITS, by 5 teams
• 2 teams had 6, or more, HITS each
• The winning undergraduate team scored HITS on 60% of their flights
• The winning professional scored HITS on 73% of their flights
• 35 payload drops that missed the target
• Only 2 penalties assessed
• A great crowd, of faculty, staff, students, friends, and family